Background radiation: Radiation (ionizing) present in the environment. Sources of background radiation, among others, came from outer space (cosmic radiation) as from the sun, radiation from rocks, soil beneath us, the buildings we live in, the air we breathe, the food we eat and even of our own bodies.
Becquerel (Bq) Becquerel: unit activity comparable radiation degan one decay (disintegration) per second, replacing the old unit, the Curie (Ci). 1 Ci equal to 3.7 x 1010 Bq.
Beta particle: charged particles emitted during the decay radiaktif core. Beta particle is an electron either negatively or positively charged. High-energy beta air can penetrate up to several meters and can penetrate several millimeters into the human body. While the low-energy beta unable to penetrate the skin. Most beta particles can be stopped by a thin lightweight material such as aluminum or plastic.
Burnup: degrees of burns: the size of reactor fuel that can be expressed as: a) the percentage of the number of atoms that have fission or b) the amount of energy produced per unit weight of fuel in a reactor. Sometimes expressed in units of Megawatt hours (MWD) per ton of fuel.
Carbon-14: radioactive isotope that occurs naturally, has a half-life of 5730 years.
Radiation emitted when charged particles penetrate the material with a higher speed than the speed of light in the material. (See radiation.)
Cerencov, radiation: emission of light (radiation) emitted when a charged particle penetrates a transparent non-conductive liquid or solid material at speeds faster than light in the material. High-energy beta particles from spent fuel stored in water will produce radiation cerenkov blue.
Chain reaction: a process in which a nuclear reaction of an atom would trigger the nuclear reactions of other atoms nearby. For example, the fission reaction in uranium atom will release several neutrons which would then trigger fission in other uranium atoms.
Containment, reactor: preventing the release of radioactive material, even in the accident even if, by monitoring the amount of radioactive material are allowed out of the area of supervision, including confinement system itself.
Contamination: the presence of radioactive substances in places or areas that are not supposed to.
Control rods: Trunk control: rod, plate or tube containing a neutron absorbing material (such as boron and cadmium), which is used to control the rate of nuclear reactions in nuclear reactors.
Coolant: material that flowed into the nuclear reactor core to move or transfer heat generated fuel element. Materials commonly used as a coolant is water, air, carbon dioxide, liquid sodium and sodium-potassium alloy.
Core, reactor: the main part of a nuclear reactor containing the fuel element, which is where the fission chain reaction.
Criticality: a critical nuclear reactor is said when the neutron production rate is proportional to the rate of loss of neutrons so that the chain reaction can continue.
Critical mass: the minimum amount of fissile material needed for the chain reaction can occur (critical condition)
Cross-section: a measure of the probability of occurrence of nuclear reactions. The probability is described as an area where the target is located. Expressed in Barn (1 Barn = 10-28 m2)
Curie (Ci): curie: a measure of the radioactivity of the old, the new unit is the Becquerel. Where 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 disintegration per second (Bq).
Cyclotron: equipment used to accelerate charged particles, the electromagnetic, the spiral-shaped trajectory. Bernergi high particle produced can be used for irradiating the target to obtain radioisotopes.
Decay, radioactive: the decay of radioactive nuclei in the form of spontaneous release of energy in the form of particles (such as alpha and beta) and gamma radiation, or a combination of both.
Decommissioning: associated with closure, demolition or removal of a fasillitas / nuclear installations.
Deuterium: Also known as heavy hydrogen, is a non-radioactive isotope of hydrogen containing one proton and one neutron in the nucleus (atomic mass: 2 Amu). There are in nature with a ratio of 1:6500 (normal hydrogen has only one proton and no neutrons).
Dose, absorbed: the size of the number of ionizing radiation energy absorbed by the material. Expressed as joules per kilogram or Gray (Gy)
Dose, equivalent: declare large levels of damage (biological effects of radiation) in body tissue or organ, depending on the type of radiation. The unit used is the Sievert (Sv), but usually the amount measured in milisievert dose (mSv) or mikrosievert (μSv).
Dose, effective: declare the level of damage (biological effects of radiation) in the entire body. The effective dose depends on the dose equivalent and differences radiosensitivitas tissues. The unit used is the Sievert (Sv), but usually the amount measured in milisievert dose (mSv) or mikrosievert (μSv).
Dosimeter (or Dosemeter): an instrument used to measure the radiation dose received by a person in a certain period of time.
Dose limits: the maximum radiation dose (excluding background radiation and medical exposure) received by a person during the period specified. Limit the internationally recommended dose for radiation workers are not allowed to receive a dose of more than 20 mSv per year (for 5 years, which annually does not exceed 50 mSv). As for the general population should not receive more than 1 mSv per year.
Electrons: subatomic particles, has a mass of 9.107 x 10-28 g and electric charge 4.8025 x 10-10 electrostatic units, can be negatively charged (electrons) or positive (positrons). Electrons surround the positively charged nucleus and determine the chemical properties of atomic elements.
Element: item: the chemical elements that can not be subdivided into simpler elements chemically. The element has an atomic number of characteristics, such as hydrogen, lead, uranium.
Enrichment, isotope: the process of increasing concentrations of certain isotopes in a material, for example, is uranium enriched with uranium-235 isotope for use as fuel. Levels of uranium-235 isotope from natural uranium contained only about 0.7%. Levels should be increased to 3% for the fission chain reaction can occur. Uranium enriched to 20% or more is called High Enriched Uranium (HEU); below 20% is called Low Enriched Uranium (LEU). The process of uranium isotope enrichment by gas centrifuge method and gas diffusion.
Fertile material: non-fissile material, but can turn into fissile material through neutron capture process in a nuclear reactor, for example, is uranium-238 and thorium-232. When mengankap neutrons, the constituents are transformed into plutonium-239 and uranium-233.
Fissile material: material that can undergo fission when it absorbs thermal neutrons (or later), for example, uranium-235 and plutonium-239.
Fission: fission of heavy nuclei followed by emission of neutrons, gamma radiation and release large amounts of energy. The resulting fission products generally have a mass that is not much different and to be radioactive.
Fission fragments: nuclides resulting from fission processes of heavy atoms like uranium-235 or plutonium-239. The resulting fission fragments of uranium-235 say, do not always form the same atoms, there are several possible pairs of atoms that can be formed. Originally formed radioactive fission fragments and emits beta particles and gamma radiation before it eventually decays into other atoms.
Fission products: stable or radioactive nuclides produced by fission of uranium nuclei, plutonium or other heavy nuclei.
Flux, neutron: the size of neutron radiation intensity, ie the number of neutrons passing through an area of one square centimeter per second.
Fuel cycle, nuclear: a series of processes ranging from procurement of nuclear fuel to nuclear waste management. It includes nuclear fuel mining, refining, enrichment, fuel fabrication, reactors for generating pengginaannya in energy, reprocessing of fissile material remaining in spent fuel, possible re-enrichment (re-enrichment) nuclear fuel fabrication re, processing and long-term waste storage.
Fuel rod: fuel elements containing fissile material rods or pins. Some fuel rods can be assembled into fuel elements.
Fusion: fusion: formation of two core core light weight (for example, hydrogen atom), accompanied by the release of energy (as in fusion reactors or solar)
Gamma radiation: electromagnetic radiation that has a shorter wavelength range. Gamma radiation has a high penetrating power, and require a layer of thick concrete or lead (depending on how much energy) to hold it. Gamma radiation can cause ionization in the tissue in its path, thereby potentially causing biological damage. Generally, gamma radiation used in sterilization of medical products or food.
Graphite, nuclear grade: the most pure form of carbon that can be used as a moderator and reflector in a reactor.
Gray (Gy): the unit in the SI system to ionizing radiation absorbed dose, equivalent to one joule of energy absorbed per kilogram of irradiated material; replace the unit rad, where 1 Gy = 100 rad (= 1 J / Kg)
Half-life, radioactive: age (time) radioactive half-life: time required for radioactive material decays to half the amount initially. Left half its value varies, depending on the type of radioactive isotopes, ranging from 1 per million second count to more than billions of years.
Half-life, biological: age (time) biological half-life: time it takes a substance in a biological system to be reduced to just half the amount originally due to biological processes.
Half-life, effective: age (time) effective half-life: time required radionuclide in a biological system to be reduced to half the original amount as a result of a combination of radioactive decay and biological elimination.
Heavy water: D2O: water containing more hydrogen atoms heavier than ordinary hydrogen atom, with a ratio of 1: 6500. Heavy water is used as moderator in nuclear reactors are functioning effectively slowed neutrons.
Hot cell: the cell's hot: a room with layered pengukung designed for remote handling materials of high radioactivity with minimal danger.
Ions: atoms that have lost or gain one or more electrons to become electrically charged. Negative due to the addition of electrons and positive because of loss of electrons.
Ionising radioation: radiation that can cause ionization (resulting ions) on the material in its path. Ionizing radiation can damage biological tissue.
Ionisation: the process of change of neutral atoms or molecules into electrically charged due to the reduction or addition of electrons.
Irradiation: the exposure of all types of radiation to a matter or living being.
Isotopes: nuclides with atomic number has an equal but different mass numbers. Different isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties, but have different physical properties.
Light Water Reactor (LWR): a nuclear reactor with a moderator and coolant material in the form of light water (H2O) or plain water. Pressurized water reactor (PWR - pressurized water reactor) and boiling water reactor (BWR - Boiling Water Reactor) is included in this type of reactor.
Mass defect (mass deficiency): defects period (mass deficiency): the difference between the mass of constituent particles of atomic nuclei (protons and neutrons) with the mass of the nuclei.
Mass sectrometer: mass spectrometer: a device used to detect and analyze a variety of isotopes in a sample by using electric fields, magnetic fields or a combination.
Microsievert (μSv): mikrosievert: one seperjuta Sievert (Sievert = 10-6).
Millisievert (mSv): milisievert: one seperibu Sievert (Sievert = 10-3).
Moderator: materials used in reactors to slow down fast neutrons, thus increasing the probability of occurrence of further fission process. Examples of materials that are often used as a moderator is ordinary water, heavy water, beryllium and graphite.
Becquerel (Bq) Becquerel: unit activity comparable radiation degan one decay (disintegration) per second, replacing the old unit, the Curie (Ci). 1 Ci equal to 3.7 x 1010 Bq.
Beta particle: charged particles emitted during the decay radiaktif core. Beta particle is an electron either negatively or positively charged. High-energy beta air can penetrate up to several meters and can penetrate several millimeters into the human body. While the low-energy beta unable to penetrate the skin. Most beta particles can be stopped by a thin lightweight material such as aluminum or plastic.
Burnup: degrees of burns: the size of reactor fuel that can be expressed as: a) the percentage of the number of atoms that have fission or b) the amount of energy produced per unit weight of fuel in a reactor. Sometimes expressed in units of Megawatt hours (MWD) per ton of fuel.
Carbon-14: radioactive isotope that occurs naturally, has a half-life of 5730 years.
Radiation emitted when charged particles penetrate the material with a higher speed than the speed of light in the material. (See radiation.)
Cerencov, radiation: emission of light (radiation) emitted when a charged particle penetrates a transparent non-conductive liquid or solid material at speeds faster than light in the material. High-energy beta particles from spent fuel stored in water will produce radiation cerenkov blue.
Chain reaction: a process in which a nuclear reaction of an atom would trigger the nuclear reactions of other atoms nearby. For example, the fission reaction in uranium atom will release several neutrons which would then trigger fission in other uranium atoms.
Containment, reactor: preventing the release of radioactive material, even in the accident even if, by monitoring the amount of radioactive material are allowed out of the area of supervision, including confinement system itself.
Contamination: the presence of radioactive substances in places or areas that are not supposed to.
Control rods: Trunk control: rod, plate or tube containing a neutron absorbing material (such as boron and cadmium), which is used to control the rate of nuclear reactions in nuclear reactors.
Coolant: material that flowed into the nuclear reactor core to move or transfer heat generated fuel element. Materials commonly used as a coolant is water, air, carbon dioxide, liquid sodium and sodium-potassium alloy.
Core, reactor: the main part of a nuclear reactor containing the fuel element, which is where the fission chain reaction.
Criticality: a critical nuclear reactor is said when the neutron production rate is proportional to the rate of loss of neutrons so that the chain reaction can continue.
Critical mass: the minimum amount of fissile material needed for the chain reaction can occur (critical condition)
Cross-section: a measure of the probability of occurrence of nuclear reactions. The probability is described as an area where the target is located. Expressed in Barn (1 Barn = 10-28 m2)
Curie (Ci): curie: a measure of the radioactivity of the old, the new unit is the Becquerel. Where 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 disintegration per second (Bq).
Cyclotron: equipment used to accelerate charged particles, the electromagnetic, the spiral-shaped trajectory. Bernergi high particle produced can be used for irradiating the target to obtain radioisotopes.
Decay, radioactive: the decay of radioactive nuclei in the form of spontaneous release of energy in the form of particles (such as alpha and beta) and gamma radiation, or a combination of both.
Decommissioning: associated with closure, demolition or removal of a fasillitas / nuclear installations.
Deuterium: Also known as heavy hydrogen, is a non-radioactive isotope of hydrogen containing one proton and one neutron in the nucleus (atomic mass: 2 Amu). There are in nature with a ratio of 1:6500 (normal hydrogen has only one proton and no neutrons).
Dose, absorbed: the size of the number of ionizing radiation energy absorbed by the material. Expressed as joules per kilogram or Gray (Gy)
Dose, equivalent: declare large levels of damage (biological effects of radiation) in body tissue or organ, depending on the type of radiation. The unit used is the Sievert (Sv), but usually the amount measured in milisievert dose (mSv) or mikrosievert (μSv).
Dose, effective: declare the level of damage (biological effects of radiation) in the entire body. The effective dose depends on the dose equivalent and differences radiosensitivitas tissues. The unit used is the Sievert (Sv), but usually the amount measured in milisievert dose (mSv) or mikrosievert (μSv).
Dosimeter (or Dosemeter): an instrument used to measure the radiation dose received by a person in a certain period of time.
Dose limits: the maximum radiation dose (excluding background radiation and medical exposure) received by a person during the period specified. Limit the internationally recommended dose for radiation workers are not allowed to receive a dose of more than 20 mSv per year (for 5 years, which annually does not exceed 50 mSv). As for the general population should not receive more than 1 mSv per year.
Electrons: subatomic particles, has a mass of 9.107 x 10-28 g and electric charge 4.8025 x 10-10 electrostatic units, can be negatively charged (electrons) or positive (positrons). Electrons surround the positively charged nucleus and determine the chemical properties of atomic elements.
Element: item: the chemical elements that can not be subdivided into simpler elements chemically. The element has an atomic number of characteristics, such as hydrogen, lead, uranium.
Enrichment, isotope: the process of increasing concentrations of certain isotopes in a material, for example, is uranium enriched with uranium-235 isotope for use as fuel. Levels of uranium-235 isotope from natural uranium contained only about 0.7%. Levels should be increased to 3% for the fission chain reaction can occur. Uranium enriched to 20% or more is called High Enriched Uranium (HEU); below 20% is called Low Enriched Uranium (LEU). The process of uranium isotope enrichment by gas centrifuge method and gas diffusion.
Fertile material: non-fissile material, but can turn into fissile material through neutron capture process in a nuclear reactor, for example, is uranium-238 and thorium-232. When mengankap neutrons, the constituents are transformed into plutonium-239 and uranium-233.
Fissile material: material that can undergo fission when it absorbs thermal neutrons (or later), for example, uranium-235 and plutonium-239.
Fission: fission of heavy nuclei followed by emission of neutrons, gamma radiation and release large amounts of energy. The resulting fission products generally have a mass that is not much different and to be radioactive.
Fission fragments: nuclides resulting from fission processes of heavy atoms like uranium-235 or plutonium-239. The resulting fission fragments of uranium-235 say, do not always form the same atoms, there are several possible pairs of atoms that can be formed. Originally formed radioactive fission fragments and emits beta particles and gamma radiation before it eventually decays into other atoms.
Fission products: stable or radioactive nuclides produced by fission of uranium nuclei, plutonium or other heavy nuclei.
Flux, neutron: the size of neutron radiation intensity, ie the number of neutrons passing through an area of one square centimeter per second.
Fuel cycle, nuclear: a series of processes ranging from procurement of nuclear fuel to nuclear waste management. It includes nuclear fuel mining, refining, enrichment, fuel fabrication, reactors for generating pengginaannya in energy, reprocessing of fissile material remaining in spent fuel, possible re-enrichment (re-enrichment) nuclear fuel fabrication re, processing and long-term waste storage.
Fuel rod: fuel elements containing fissile material rods or pins. Some fuel rods can be assembled into fuel elements.
Fusion: fusion: formation of two core core light weight (for example, hydrogen atom), accompanied by the release of energy (as in fusion reactors or solar)
Gamma radiation: electromagnetic radiation that has a shorter wavelength range. Gamma radiation has a high penetrating power, and require a layer of thick concrete or lead (depending on how much energy) to hold it. Gamma radiation can cause ionization in the tissue in its path, thereby potentially causing biological damage. Generally, gamma radiation used in sterilization of medical products or food.
Graphite, nuclear grade: the most pure form of carbon that can be used as a moderator and reflector in a reactor.
Gray (Gy): the unit in the SI system to ionizing radiation absorbed dose, equivalent to one joule of energy absorbed per kilogram of irradiated material; replace the unit rad, where 1 Gy = 100 rad (= 1 J / Kg)
Half-life, radioactive: age (time) radioactive half-life: time required for radioactive material decays to half the amount initially. Left half its value varies, depending on the type of radioactive isotopes, ranging from 1 per million second count to more than billions of years.
Half-life, biological: age (time) biological half-life: time it takes a substance in a biological system to be reduced to just half the amount originally due to biological processes.
Half-life, effective: age (time) effective half-life: time required radionuclide in a biological system to be reduced to half the original amount as a result of a combination of radioactive decay and biological elimination.
Heavy water: D2O: water containing more hydrogen atoms heavier than ordinary hydrogen atom, with a ratio of 1: 6500. Heavy water is used as moderator in nuclear reactors are functioning effectively slowed neutrons.
Hot cell: the cell's hot: a room with layered pengukung designed for remote handling materials of high radioactivity with minimal danger.
Ions: atoms that have lost or gain one or more electrons to become electrically charged. Negative due to the addition of electrons and positive because of loss of electrons.
Ionising radioation: radiation that can cause ionization (resulting ions) on the material in its path. Ionizing radiation can damage biological tissue.
Ionisation: the process of change of neutral atoms or molecules into electrically charged due to the reduction or addition of electrons.
Irradiation: the exposure of all types of radiation to a matter or living being.
Isotopes: nuclides with atomic number has an equal but different mass numbers. Different isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties, but have different physical properties.
Light Water Reactor (LWR): a nuclear reactor with a moderator and coolant material in the form of light water (H2O) or plain water. Pressurized water reactor (PWR - pressurized water reactor) and boiling water reactor (BWR - Boiling Water Reactor) is included in this type of reactor.
Mass defect (mass deficiency): defects period (mass deficiency): the difference between the mass of constituent particles of atomic nuclei (protons and neutrons) with the mass of the nuclei.
Mass sectrometer: mass spectrometer: a device used to detect and analyze a variety of isotopes in a sample by using electric fields, magnetic fields or a combination.
Microsievert (μSv): mikrosievert: one seperjuta Sievert (Sievert = 10-6).
Millisievert (mSv): milisievert: one seperibu Sievert (Sievert = 10-3).
Moderator: materials used in reactors to slow down fast neutrons, thus increasing the probability of occurrence of further fission process. Examples of materials that are often used as a moderator is ordinary water, heavy water, beryllium and graphite.
radiation monitoring: periodic observation or radiation exposure dose to radionuclide activity monitoring and safety evaluation.
Megawatt (MW): MW: power unit, comparable to 1 million watts. MWth declare the results of thermal heat.
Neutrons: uncharged elementary particle, has a slightly larger mass than protons, the nuclei contained in all elements except hydrogen atoms (H-2). Neutron is a chain of chain reactions in nuclear reactors.
Neutron activation analysis: an analytical method based on identifying and measuring the resulting radiation characteristics of radionuclides from a sample irradiated with neutrons.
Neutron scattering: a technique used to see the detailed structure of an element. This technique is done by firing a neutron to the sample target, and then observing hamburannya. There are two possibilities, neutrons will pass between the atoms or neutrons will collide with atomic nuclei. If you collide with a nucleus, neutrons do not bounce off randomly, but be deflected by the pattern / track specific depending on the structure of the material.
Neutrons, delayed: neutrons emitted by radioactive fission products in the reactor which lasted some time (seconds or minutes) after the fission. These neutrons play an important role in nuclear reactor control.
Neutron, fast: neutrin generated from fission reactions; thousands of times faster than slow neutrons; useful for maintaining fission reactions in fast reactors (fast reactors).
Neutron, thermal or slow: thermal or slow neutrons: neutrons moving with an energy comparable to the atoms at room temperature; used to sustain a chain reaction in a thermal reactor.
Nuclear reactor: the place where the fission chain reaction can be initiated, maintained and controlled. Its main components consist of fuel, coolant, moderator, reflector, and controllers. Generally surrounded by a concrete structure (biological shield), which serves to absorb neutrons and gamma emissions.
Nucleus: the smallest or positively charged atomic nucleus. The diameter of a nucleus of about one ten thousandth of the diameter of an atom, with mass similar to the atomic mass. The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons, atomic nuclei except normal hydrogen (atomic mass number one) which only consists of protons.
Nuclide: a general term for all atomic elements, which are distinguished by atomic number (protons) mass number (protons and neutrons) and his energy level.
Particle detector, bubble chamber: particle detector, bubble room: the tools used to detect and study the elementary particles and nuclear reaction. The movement and collision among particles was analyzed by observing traces ionized gas bubbles that form when the particle passes through the liquid that is hot.
Particle detectors, cloud chamber: particle detectors, fog room: room with steam superjenuh used to indicate the trajectories of charged subatomic particles (ionizing radiation) in air. When these particles pass through the air, they collide with air molecules and result in ionization, leaving a trail of positive and negative ions and if the air pressure inside the room was reduced, the particles superjenuh vapor will condense on the ions, so the trail drops- drops of steam along the trajectory of ions can be seen.
Plutonium: artificial radioactive heavy metal elements. The most important isotopes are plutonium-239 is fissile. These isotopes are produced from the irradiation of uranium-238 with neutrons. Plutonium-239 can be used as fuel for nuclear reactors as well as explosives for nuclear weapons.
Progeny: nuclide formed by the decay of a radionuclide (called the parent or parent)
Proton: positively charged subatomic particles (+1), has a mass 1837 times heavier than the electron mass and a little lighter than neutrons. Proton is a constituent particles and atomic nuclei contained in all atoms.
Quark: an elementary particle building blocks of matter. Quark has had an electric charge of magnitude 1 / 3 or 2 / 3 of an electron, a constituent Hadron (including neutrons and protons). Each of the quarks are distinguished on the basis of 'flavor (taste) ". There are six kinds of quarks are: Top (Up), Down (Down), Attract (Charm), Strange (Strange), Peak (Top), and Base (Bottom).
Rad: radiation absorbed dose (radiation dose absorbed), which is the basic unit of ionizing radiation absorbed dose, equivalent to the radiation absorption of 100 erg in one gram of absorbent material. 1 rad = 10-2 Gy = 10-2 J / kg.
Radiation (nuclear) radiation from the atomic nucleus, can be either electromagnetic waves (gamma rays), fast charged particles (electrons, protons, mesons, etc.) and neutrons (all speeds).
Radioactive materials: elements (artificial or natural) radioactive transmitter, can be solid or liquid, gas or steam. For monitoring purposes, known as the radioactive material is material that has the activity of 100 Becquerel per gram or more.
Radioactive waste: object containing or contaminated with radionuclides at concentrations or radioactivity levels that exceeded the safety threshold set by the competent institutions.
Radioactive waste, low level: low-level radioactive waste: waste containing radioactive concentration or amount at a level that exceeds the specified threshold and secure handling processes require minimum standards of protection personnel.
Radioactive waste, intermediate: waste containing radioactive concentration or amount beyond the threshold level that is safe, with thermal power below 2 kilowatts per m3; handling process requires a radiation shield.
Radioactive waste, high level: radioaktof high-level waste: waste containing radioactive material with a high concentration, both long-lived radionuclides and short, this waste heat to produce more than 2 kilowatt/m3; in its handling requires a shield (protective) radiation and cooling .
Radioactivity: the ability of some nuclides (isotopes not stable) to emit particles, gamma rays or x-rays, during the process of spontaneous decay into other nuclides are spontaneous.
Radioisotope: a radioactive isotope. Most natural isotopes lighter than bismuth and not radioactive. There are 3 natural isotopes are radioactive, the radon-222, carbon-14 and potassium-40.
Radionuclides: an atomic nucleus (nucleus) of the radioisotope.
Radiopharmaceutical: radionuclides or compounds containing radioisotopes labeled tracer. After entering the body, compounds that have been labeled with a radioactive substance will accumulate in specific organs or tumors and will spontaneously emit radiation in a safe amount for diagnosis or treatment of certain diseases.
Radon: the element of natural radioactive gas (gas element of the heaviest of all elements other gases), with atomic number 86 and mass number 222. Radon is the progeny (results luruhan) of the uranium decay series. Radon contributes the largest background radiation; radon gas emitted from the soil, rocks and concrete.
Brakes: brake (an abbreviation of x-ray equivalent man): the size of the dose of ionizing radiation can cause biological effects of radiation. This unit has been replaced with units of Sievert (Sv), where 1 Sievert = 100 rem.
Reprocessing: if re: recovery remaining fissile material (uranium and plutonium) and fertile material from spent fuel, to be processed and reused as fuel.
Sievert: unit dose equivalent and effective dose; replace the brake unit: 1 Sv = 100 rem.
Spent fuel: fuel element where the percentage of fissile material no longer enough to produce a fission chain reaction; consists mainly of fission products. Also called irradiated fuel.
Stable isotope: radioactive isotopes that are not
Synchrotron: particle accelerator that moves according to a circular path due to frequency electric field, magnetic field strength and frequency of the voltage proportional to the energy particle acceleration to maintain the orbital trajectory.
Synroc: manmade material, a ceramic-like rocks that can be used permanently to confine radioactive atoms for long-term storage.
Thermal reactors: fission reactors are more dominant berantainya caused by thermal neutrons.
Thorium: natural radioactive elements with atomic number 90 and mass number 232. Fertile thorium-232 isotope is very much in nature and when it absorbs neutrons bertransmutasi become Th-233 which then produces the isotope U-233 which is fissile.
TLD: TLD (thermo luminescent dosimeter stands): dosimeter money using thermo-luminescent properties of a material to measure the radiation dose received during the period of time.
Tracer, Radioisotope: radioisotopes are injected into a system and serves as a signal tracer; movements can be tracked to study the movement of the parts of the system.
Transuranics: elements with atomic numbers greater than 92. All elements transuranik are artificial elements (eg by shooting uranium with neutrons) and radioactive. Some are contained in spent fuel.
Tritium: tritium: radioactive isotope of hydrogen with two neutrons and one proton in the nucleus (atomic mass of 3, denoted by H-3). Very rarely found in nature, are naturally radioactive. Can be made with a variety of ways, including by neutron absorption of the element lithium, deuterium or heavy water.
Uranium: a radioactive element with atomic number 92 and mass number 238. Consisting of two types of fissile isotopes (uranium-235 and uranium-233) and two fertile isotope (uranium-238 and uranium-234). Uranium is the basic ingredient of nuclear energy.
Uranium, depleted: shrinkage levels of uranium: uranium that had higher levels of uranium-235 is smaller than the percentage of the initial (natural) or less than 0.7% of natural uranium content. Through the process of enrichment in the fuel cycle, levels can be increased to 0.20 to 0.25% uranium-235, while the rest of the uranium-238.
Uranium, enriched: uranium isotopic content of uranium-235 had been increased to more than 0.71% (natural). To be used as reactor fuel, usually uranium-235 content must be increased by 20-40%. As for the fast breeder reactor (fast breeding reactor) fuel required in the form of high-enriched uranium containing more than 90% uranium-235. Enriched to 90% also potentially be used as a nuclear weapon.
Hexafloride uranium (UF6): hexaflorida uranium, UF6: uranium and fluorine compounds which form the gas at temperatures above 56oC and merupakann form suitable for uranium enrichment process.
Vitrification: merging process radioaktifit mid-level wastes and high into the glass matrix for long-term storage.
Whole body monitor: monitoring the whole body: a tool used to measure radiation on the body, usually equipped with metal shields that do not participate tercacah background radiation.
X-ray: radiation Forton (electromagnetic) with a shorter wavelength than visible light wavelengths, but is generally longer when compared with gamma rays, has high penetrating power. X-rays produced when electrons strike a target high bernenergi metal.
Yellow cake: the concentrate of uranium-oxide produced from mining uranium ore concentration, usually denoted as U3O8. When dried at low temperature is yellow, and at higher temperatures would light brown color.
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